The heart is located in the area between the lungs called the mediastinum, which is a cavity containing several organs, not just the heart.

The mediastinum is large and needs to be divided to better understand its boundaries and contents.

The boundaries of the mediastinum include the thoracic inlet superiorly and the diaphragm inferiorly.

Yes? I hope you're well. We want to talk about a module. I mean,

I mean the heart and blood vessels system. And the first lecture we talk about is not

talking about the heart itself. But we talk about the place where it is.

Where is the heart located? It is located here like this. In what? In the thorax or between the lungs.

The place between the lungs is called

the mediastinum. So the word mediastinum is

the cavity that lies between and contains what? A group of

organs. Not only the heart. But it contains a group of

organs. And because of that, we will start studying it in detail and see the contents

and what? Then we will be, right? When we study it well? They say it is large

and because it is large, we need to divide it. Okay? What are its boundaries anyway?

This topic is difficult and complicated, so ring the bell.

Let's go, what?

It's difficult, let me show you a nice head to see who has been dissected

from above?

What is this edge of the thorax?

It is the thoracic inlet, and it is the opening through which structures enter.

It is the thoracic inlet and the chest opening.

Right?

From above, if you want to enter from above like this,

I already have the chest cavity or thorax cavity.

I have from above the thoracic inlet.

And from below, of course, you will find the diaphragm.

These are the boundaries of the mediastinum.

Okay, and how do we divide it?

The sternum bone consists of parts including the manubrium and body of the sternum, and the angles between them are called the Sternal Angle or Angle of Louis.

An imaginary line extending between vertebrae T4 and T5 divides the mediastinum into parts above and below this line.

The inferior mediastinum is divided into three parts: anterior, middle, and posterior.

Each part of the inferior mediastinum has defined anterior, posterior, lateral, and inferior boundaries.

Just like that, I want to divide it.

So first I want to see what is in front and what is behind.

Just like that.

This is the sternum bone.

It consists of more than one part.

There is a part above called the manubrium sterni and there is a part above called the manubrium sterni.

Above this part is the body of the sternum.

Do you see the angles between the manubrium sterni and the body of the sternum?

These angles are called the sternal angle.

It is called the sternal angle, meaning the angle of the sternum.

Or we can call it the angle of Louis.

Yes, its pronunciation is not Louis or Louie, many people pronounce it Louis.

But the correct pronunciation is angle of Louis. Angle of Louis.

Okay? But don't say the word angle of Louis in front of someone because they might say,

"You don't know how to pronounce it," okay? When

I have the manubrium sterni here and here in the middle is the sternal angle. Okay? Alright. Do you want more?

I want to take a point with you for the angle of Louis and start drawing a line to the end.

Also take a line to the level of the pulmonary artery.

I said you can imagine T4 at the T5 vertebra.

Draw the line in the middle of it, meaning at the level of the sternum. Like this, it will divide me into

two parts. One part we will call anterior, and below we will call what? We will call it posterior. Okay?

Not like that. Okay, regarding the thorax or the heart. Where is the heart located? It is definitely

in the inferior mediastinum. Not... They tell you take the inferior mediastinum.

You won't find anyone saying the word inferior mediastinum at all.

Why? Because we divided the inferior mediastinum into three parts.

Not... What are the three parts? The part in front of the heart we call what? We call it

the part that contains the heart itself, and the part behind the heart we call

posterior. Okay? So you won't see anyone saying just the inferior mediastinum. No. You will see them say

they say, you know, it is part of or they will say

the middle mediastinum. You won't see anyone saying just inferior mediastinum because

you know it is part of what? Part of the mediastinum which is

clear because you know it is part of what? Part of the mediastinum. Okay?

Sir? And you will find each of these parts we take what? We take their contents.

Meaning, it tells you what are the boundaries of the superior mediastinum, meaning

what are the boundaries of the middle mediastinum, what are the boundaries of

each one, and what are the contents of each one.

Okay? So first let's just take the boundaries of each one. Then

we will go back and talk about the contents. Okay? Draw for me the line. The line is here.

The pleura membrane covers the sides in each part of the mediastinum.

Okay. It says for me, okay, boundaries, I want above, below,

front, back, and lateral. Okay. The lateral sides in every mediastinum

we will say they are twice covered by a membrane called the pleura.

You will find it contains the pleural cavities on the lateral sides.

You will find it contains the pleural cavities on the lateral sides.

And front and back in each one you will find different things.

The first thing is the superior mediastinum.

And I had this line and this was above the line.

So if I start with the inferior

boundary, you will tell me what it is.

I will tell you this word.

The imaginary line, this imaginary line is not a real line, it is a line we imagine.

It extends between, and who tells you it is between

the sternal angle? And it is?

Or of course not. And this is what? What is this?

Not... Okay, tell me what is its upper boundary? The upper

boundary is the upper boundary of the whole thorax which is

the thoracic inlet or the openings or... What is it? The entrance actually. Okay? So according to that,

we left it in every mediastinum we say it is on what?

Okay. So tell me for example in front it says I had this line.

Excellent. What? Between and below you will find. Okay. It is above the line.

So in front of it is what? In front of it, okay? And behind or the posterior part of the spine.

Good. So what is behind? It tells you because I was watching the sharp line between

T4 and T5. So I have what is behind. Right? These are the ones behind.

What? These are the ones behind. The ones behind. So this is me.

Now I am talking about this picture. The screenshot I took.

I talked about what? I talked about what is called. It tells you the first thing

its boundaries are what? Its boundaries. Front, back, lateral,

above and below. Okay.

Below. I already know it is located above what? Above what

extends between the sternal angle and behind between T4 and T5 or

also at T4. Okay. And above it is what? Above it. Okay. In front of it is what?

In front of the superior mediastinum is what? The manubrium, listeners. Behind it are the first four vertebrae.

And on the side, we have fixed it in any screenshot I took.

That it is on the side. Of course? Okay. So now I

need to do what? I need to talk about its contents. Just like that. I will delay

everything I say until I understand what? Understand what is inside it.

Okay? So now I will talk only about all of them and then go back

and talk about what? Talk about all of them again. Okay? Okay? So you

have taken this division, it is divided into three. So now I am not

going to talk about the anterior, middle, and posterior and inferior mediastinum.

I am not going to talk about something called inferior anymore. We already divided it.

Okay. So the first thing, the anterior mediastinum, which is in front of the heart. This is in front of

what? Just in front, but even in the middle mediastinum. Is the manubrium in the middle mediastinum?

The sternal body. The body of the sternum. Okay. And behind what?

Behind it is the heart. And this heart is not just lying there, no, it is

covered by something called the pericardium, which is what?

There is something covering the heart called the pericardium, and be careful, we have a special lecture where we talk about it

in detail. Okay? Alright.

First, let's finish what? Finish the lectures. Yes, yes, we said front

and the sternal body, and behind it what? Okay, so according to that, these are fixed in any

word, the middle mediastinum will tell me it is above and in

the mediastinum it will tell me it is above. They are all three

above which extends between the sternal angle and down to the lower

border of T4.

Okay? So I have fixed it in the three

anterior, middle, posterior.

And what is this? I wrote it down already, maybe why?

Why like this? Maybe I wrote what already?

posterior. And you let me talk like this? Okay.

anterior, middle, posterior. They are fixed in them.

the three have an imaginary line above them.

that extends between the external body.

because the three are actually inferior. Okay, you just told me in front of it is such and such.

behind it is such and such. Above it is such and such. Now below them, below the three, is the first thing.

the septum. Because actually they are the three. And the three depend on what? They depend on.

this. Okay, what is its thing? I told you now I will finish these things. Okay.

the middle, middle something. First thing. So who is in front of it? This one that has.

in front of it. It becomes middle something. What is the strong something? The middle one. In front of it.

the inter. It just becomes. Okay, above it, we fixed it anyway, and above it.

and below it, we fixed it anyway, and below it and from this so-and-so. So the middle.

the secrets in them. Because the one above it and its side is the same as what we.

have. And in front of it and behind it, that's it. Okay. We will say it as I leave it in.

the end. Okay. The last thing is this one that is behind the heart. Right?

Okay. So who is in front of it? In front of it is the hard. And the pericardium. Right? Okay.

And behind it? Behind the thoracic parietal. But which thoracic.

the lower eight that is below. I had said in the vertebra number eight. So I have from the lower. Okay. And we said the.

in front and we said the behind. Okay, who is above? Above it, we fixed it anyway in.

the three. That above them the three who? Above them is what extends between the.

angle and the lower border of the fifth rib. Okay. Now below the three from this.

below the three like two about what? That is the frame. Here is.

right here or your borders each one of your right from what we heard all of them.

mediastinum from all the divisions, all of them mediastinum from the big one. Okay?

Okay. Now I want to talk about what? I want to talk about each one.

But to talk about them I need first to understand a bit what is present.

present here on the platform. And start talking about the heart and the vessels that.

come out of it or enter it. So I understand who each one actually is from these things that are inside.

Now I have this heart. Not. What is this heart actually made of?

It is made of the right side and this side which is venous. This was.

The heart is located in the anterior part of the inferior mediastinum and contains the right side which receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava.

Blood moves from the right side of the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary artery to get oxygen, then returns to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins.

The left side of the heart contains the left atrium and ventricle, and the left ventricle is the largest part that pumps blood to the body through the aorta.

The aorta ascends from the heart then descends behind it in the posterior part of the mediastinum.

receiving the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Which we call.

what? We call them. And on the superior vena cava. Okay? Okay. It was.

receiving the blood and the blood goes down here from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Then it starts.

sending me what? It sends me the blood through what is called the pulmonary artery that goes to it to take oxygen from the lungs and returns with it again.

blood filled with oxygen.

through 2 pulmonary veins from each lung.

4 pulmonary veins.

They put the blood in the Left Atrium.

or the left atrium.

and put the blood on the Left Ventricle.

and the Left Ventricle will appear as the biggest artery in the body.

which is the Aorta.

It goes out like this. Okay? Straight. Then it comes back to make me or.

we call it. Then it comes back down behind the heart. Be careful, where does it go down?

behind the heart. Between you and me. So now it is in the what?

So I had it, it was going out like this what? That was going out.

from the heart actually. What does it mean? It means going out. Call this the first part.

Then it makes you the heart. Then it comes back, what does it mean? It means going down.

And where does it go down behind the heart? So this is definitely what? That it is.

located in the posterior mediastinum. Difficult. Right? Okay. Then what?

Then yes, you will find that I have in the what is the what is the what is the.

Okay. Now I just want to say something that I have this has branches. And these branches are very well preserved and important.

You must understand. Okay? Like this. Okay? And it needs to feed who? It needs.

to feed what I will tell you that I have the arm. And this is what? This is.

The aorta has important branches that supply the head and arm, including the subclavian artery and the common carotid artery.

The common carotid artery branches into two: one branch for the arm called the brachiocephalic artery and one branch for the brain called the common carotid artery.

The aorta has three main branches: brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.

the arm. Okay? The arm also. Okay? It tells you that I need to feed the arm. And any feeding of the arm.

Right? Okay? So to feed the arm and the arm. The one that goes to the arm must feed below the bone.

that is here. Which is the clavicle. Okay? And therefore I call it what?

I call this the one that will continue and go to the arm but first it had to pass below. So I called it okay. And the one going to the yes the arm.

It goes to the brain. If you put your hand now while listening to the video.

on your right, you will feel the pulse. We call it what? We call it the common.

carotid artery. Okay? Common carotid artery. Yes, it has branches.

It has branches that connect. Okay? Okay. So now I have an artery.

It will give me one going to the arm and one going to the brain. Right? Okay. So we call it.

the artery of the arm and brain. This means this. So I call it.

brachio. Because brachio originally means arm. Okay. Cephalic and cephalic.

means brain. From where? Brachiocephalic artery. Brachiocephalic artery.

Okay. This gave me what? It gave me the right. And the right.

Not. But I also should have one and one, right? Not. Are.

they also telling me from also? No. They are two directly from what? From the aorta itself. Like this. So the difference is what? The difference is that.

I have the left and the left are branches directly from the aorta but I have.

the right ones are not coming out directly. So they come out first from who?

The one that comes out of the aorta is called brachiocephalic. So now I know that I have three.

from the aortic arch. Okay? Number one. Number two. Number three.

So here you find branches that come out of what? That come out of the aortic arch. Okay? Sometimes there is a fourth branch but it is not common.

Oh. Not present in all people. So we don't care about it. Oh. Okay? Yes.

It is present in some people and not present in others. And it is very rare among people, maybe only 3% of people have it, so we ignore it.

Okay? So the most important thing is to have what? To have three branches.

You find from the aortic arch which are the brachiocephalic and cephalic artery. No, I don't call it right or left because there is only one right or left one. No.

And the second one is called the left common carotid artery. The second one is called what? The left subclavian artery. Okay?

Okay. Now I also want to talk about what? Talk about how the vein is actually.

The vein is the result of a challenge. Where does it come from? From the arm. So it also passes below.

the what? Below the thing like this and I call it and where does it come from the head but I don't call it.

I just call it internal jugular vein.

These are on the right when they unite together.

When they unite together.

They give me a vein called what?

vein.

So I call this and the other I call what? I call it. Okay? Let me tell you if there was only one I call it only. If you put before it a wrong word. If you put.

before the wrong word it is just what? Because there is only one, I must specify if it is right or left. Okay? Okay. So I have the right and left unite together to give me.

what? They give me the superior. Okay? These are some information you must understand.

and memorize because why? Because we need it in or in. Okay. So.

The right and left internal jugular veins unite to form the superior vena cava which drains into the heart.

Come on now let's talk about what? Talk about each one of.

each one after we have what? After we talked about what?

about what is actually present in the what might be present. Okay?

Okay. So the first thing. Let's start with what? With what? This was.

present above the heart. Right? Okay. It tells you the first thing you will find it in the what? In the what? In the.

which are the three. Let's write it for example in blue.

Or in the what? Or in. And the same. From here. From the contents number.

one. Number two. Which come out of it? Okay. Then tell me who.

There is only one, I just call it that. If I put the word 'wrong' before it. If I put the word 'wrong' before it, what is its name? Because there must be one, I have to specify whether it is right or left, okay? Fine. So I have the right and left that come together to give me

Who? They give me the superior, okay? These are some information you must understand and memorize because why? Because we need it in or in, okay? Fine. Now

Let's talk about what? Let's talk about the what? The what of each one of

Each one of after we, what? After we talked about what? About

Or that already exists in the existing ones that might be present. Okay?

Okay? So first thing. Let's start with what? With what? This was

Present in that it was above the heart. Right? Okay. It says first

Thing you will find that it is in the what? The what? The what of those who are

Those who are three, let's say we write it in blue color.

Or in the what? Or in. And the same. From here, from the contents number

One. Number two. Those coming out of it? Okay. Then tell me who

The middle. And in front of it who? No, let's not talk about the anterior yet, it's more important.

Okay. So, who is under it? Under it anyway because it became about what?

It became about a part of, okay? Fine. So tell me about what is present in

Second. So was this coming out of the heart or with the heart below in

but above, I mean in the pericardium. So now I understand, doctor, that you are saying

that it is actually in, and since it is with the heart, it is in this. So it is in

in the mediastinum. And the descending is behind the heart in the posterior mediastinum.

So now I know what? This confluence actually has three parts. Each part

is located differently from the other. Okay? Good. These are for what?

For what? What is present in what is present in it? Not. But I also have

also present in in. You will tell me what? At an angle you will tell me these are

those who are, those who are, and I wish you would tell them to me in one word. If you said a good word, it would be

then what? A missing word. Right or left what?

The thymus gland is located in front of the heart and is found in the superior and anterior inferior mediastinum.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the larynx; the left nerve passes through the mediastinum while the right does not pass through it but stays in the neck.

In the thorax, there is the recurrent laryngeal nerve that supplies the larynx, present on the right and left, noting that the right nerve is higher than the left.

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is not in the thorax but in the neck, looping around the subclavian artery.

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is present in the thorax because it passes under the aortic arch.

A group of tubes is present in the superior mediastinum, such as the trachea.

The small mediastinum contains a cavity inside it, surrounded by pleura that covers the right and left lungs.

The boundaries of the small mediastinum anteriorly are the sternum, and posteriorly the entire thoracic vertebrae, including 12 vertebrae on both sides.

The mediastinum is divided into parts including the inferior which separates the anterior and posterior parts, extending from the anterior angle to the posterior edge.

Okay. Also, you will find something very distinctive. Which is? Which is?

The thymus. The thymus is the thymic gland. It is a gland about nine

You might have heard about it before in biology or in medicine

or anything. Okay. So this is Abraham's gland, it is what?

It is located in front of the heart. But what does in front of the heart mean?

I mean it takes a part above in and it takes a part in, I mean I will say it

twice. Once I say it in front of the heart in and once I say it in what? In

the superior mediastinum. So I will say it twice, once when I talk about and twice what? When I talk about it. Okay. Also, you will find what?

Also, you will find that there are. Present in and those who came from

above and descend down like who? Like the. I mean what? The plural

right and left, there is no, there is no, there is no, there is no actually what does it mean? It means that

it descends to supply, what does it mean? It means okay? Also, you will find who? You will find

what this means also but in an important place or what is it? I just said it is descending and I said come on each of them comes out of what? Comes out of

goes back to supply the larynx. Focus on the word. It is what? It goes back to supply

the larynx. So we call it.

Yes, we call it. So this is the right. The right. And the left. The left here. Notice

something? Yes, notice what? Notice that the right is higher than

the left. Okay? So look when I consider this like this. Okay? You will notice

and it is supposed that I have the right recurrent laryngeal nerve not present at all in the thorax

it is present in the neck

it raises around the artery called the subclavian artery

in the neck

so I will not say it is part of the thorax contents at all

it is not part of the anterior or posterior or anything and it is not in the thorax at all

and if you ask me who is present in the thorax I will say the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

why is that? Because it is a bit lower

so it will be with us in the thorax in the superior mediastinum but in the thorax it appears

Okay, I have, I will say who? I will say the vagus nerve

and I will say with them the left

Recurrent to the region of the earth

Okay, why not the right? The right also comes out of the vagus

and you told me that the vagus is present

I tell you the right comes out of the vagus yes but it comes out a bit above

it is in the neck

not present in the esophagus, not present in the thorax at all

Okay, also you will find that there are tubes

so you don't forget, what? We gathered them in a group so we don't forget them. There are tubes present in the superior mediastinum. Okay? They are

tubes like for example the trachea, very short. You might say what is this? Doctor, what?

I might say for example the strongest. He says no. Look, anything nice he does with anything that distracts you. Okay. Okay. He will tell you

that I had a table or a very big tunnel called

going up to the left. We call it. I do what? This is it

the esophagus is present what? Present to the left. Okay? So I have

so what? So I have this content present in in

Okay, so let's read it and continue again. Let's talk about what? About

the small film with its content. I tell you okay. Talk to me like what?

Talk to me about the small mediastinum which is actually outside what? Outside the

cavity containing inside. So the parietal and the pleural what? This is a wrong book

the what? No. The what makes the pleura together. So pleural means what?

right and left. Both. Okay. Its boundaries are what? It tells you from the front

the sternum. Okay. Behind all the thorax. So what is this? You wouldn't say that

the first four and the last eight and you are talking about who? About all of them. So it became twelve. Okay. On both sides we left them as what? As those

you take them. Okay. Above all of them. Okay. And below all of them. Okay. Between the name what?

and inferior. And you return to divide the inferior so that we don't say it was just divided for what? Okay, it tells you that

what separates between them is the pericardium and they are separated by what? It extends from where

to where? From the angle in front to the lower border behind.

Okay, for you this is what was originally present above the chordae.

And what became like this on the banner then you will say it is in front of the manubrium because it is above so below it below because it is and below you will find it.

In front of who? In front of so behind who? Behind the upper four which are what? Which are the first four because Henry what? Above.

On the sides of course we said we are fixed two words called mediastinum by the lorry right?

And above the part or the opening which is originally above all the mediastinum which are three parts.

So these are the contents of the superior mediastinum that we have covered.

I told you we call it the first thing behind the sternum exactly the thymus or rudiment.

Why do they call it the rudiment? Because they say the thymus is a gland that is large in children

after puberty it appears to shrink a bit so they say it is rudimentary, shrunken.

The mediastinum contains contents such as the heart, blood vessels, nerves, respiratory and digestive tubes.

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is present in the mediastinum while the right is only in the neck.

The anterior mediastinum is the front part of the mediastinum and lies in front of the heart, its boundaries include the sternum anteriorly.

So the remains of it mean

developed

Okay.

I also divided for you a layer called the venous layer or the veins present.

This is of course what? It is the two veins that surround it, which are the superior vena cava.

So the superior vena cava itself you will say it is part of the contents of the mediastinum like the heart.

Okay.

So I have the things that make it up, which are what? They are the contents of

Okay. But I have the same thing in the what? In the what?

I mean where does it go? Where does it go? How is that? The issue is here more accurate

who? More accurate on what? Half the half. Where will we find it?

And the left, the left, the left. Okay. Because I have who? The right and the left

nerves. And the left nerves. Okay. It also worries that I have who? I have

the left which was less than the right because this was

present in the neck a bit above so it is not actually in who will use this? Not in

actually this is in the neck this is not of course like the like

like the esophagus. Okay, for the anterior mediastinum this is used. Its boundaries

what? Its boundaries are this part that was in front of the heart originally right?

So you will find its boundaries are what? That in front is the sternum but which part of

the sternum? Okay. And behind who? Behind the heart? Behind who? Okay.

And actually next to it on its right and left? Okay. Above who? Above

Because this anterior part was originally part of what? So I have

everything I will encounter I will say I have a layer of what? Okay? Here.

For example, it tells you above the diaphragm. Okay? Good. So let's go back

again and talk about what was behind who was behind? Behind because it is originally

the middle. And in front of who? And we haven't talked about the anterior yet, important.

Okay. And below who? Below like this because it is originally about what?

It became about a part of what? Okay. So talk to me about what is present in

The anterior mediastinum contains contents such as blood vessels and nerves that pass in front of the heart.

The nerves passing through the mediastinum supply the pericardium and are called pericardiophrenic vessels, which are arteries and veins.

The mediastinum contains layers of the pericardium, the outer and inner layers, which consist of linings.

what is present in the anterior. So you will tell me what? You will tell me

Okay? Those coming out of who? They are what? They are just but don't

say and be silent. So what do you say? Tell me who? Tell me not. And say for example something

What is present in the anterior. Anyway, you will tell me what? You will tell me

Okay? Those coming out of those who are made up of who? Made up of just don't

Say and be silent, so tell me who? Tell me not. And tell me for example something

What is present in the anterior? Anyway, what will you tell me? You will tell me

Okay? Those coming out, what are they? Just don't

Say nothing and keep quiet, then who will tell me? Tell me no. And tell me for example something

Like what? Something like something like something like what's attached to the heart, right? Okay?

Something like, like I have, what are all the things that, what I

at least. Number one, number two. You tell me how, if I said at all from

among the units talking about us. No, no. Its lower half. That's like the

that I have on the heart. Okay? Alright. Something like something like what's in the, what's in the

what's in. Okay, it also tells you you'll find that I have nerves. Nerves

it tells you something like, so what you were telling me how we said it originally

above. And it told you we're still continuing. Going down. So sometimes you'll find them above

the line. And sometimes they go below the line. Okay? But when they go below

the line, what effect will they have? No, no, there will be in, there will be in

so it will be passing through there in walking. Also, you'll find that there is in

like this, the pericardium is vascularized, we call it pericardiofrank, meaning it was

frank, meaning it is also vascularized by whom? This is frank, pericardiofrank vessels.

Vessels means arteries and veins. Okay? Alright. Then you'll find some, what?

Some fat, some connective tissue. Some, okay? Yes, or present what is present here in

Okay? Alright. Now let's read what the content of the mediastinum is and come back to you

Okay? What are its boundaries? We left it, I have its boundaries in front, the anterior

and behind, the posterior, I rushed through it, right? And in front the anterior and behind the posterior

Okay? Above it and below it and on the laryngeal mesentery, this is actually because of

the other. I rushed through the four. Okay? Okay? Content of

the chord and the pericardium of course. Pericardium, let's leave it for when we come to it, God willing, you'll find that it is actually composed of a

outer layer called and inside it an inner layer composed of serous membranes. When we come to it, God willing, you'll understand this.

When I have from outside then

from inside composed of serous membranes. This is what we will talk about. Okay? Okay? Of course,

as I told you, Harta will tell me who they are or of course on Amin on

not the whole, okay? And where was Mali? It was in. And where was Mali? It was in

the posterior. Okay. You'll find that I have, okay, you'll find that I have

and this. Right? Okay. Good. You'll find that I have what? I told you they were

present in but go down below then and even from in the middle.

Right? And I found that there is something called why then what? Filling stuffing what? Okay?

Okay. Now we want to talk about who? We talk about and the contents of the

The mediastinum contains contents such as the trachea which divides into two main parts.

The mediastinum contains other contents such as the hemiazygos and azygos veins which are important veins.

The mediastinum contains contents above the heart in the superior mediastinum, contents with the heart in the middle mediastinum, and contents behind the heart in the posterior mediastinum.

They sneezed to me and its contents. Okay? I already know what? I know

boundaries. Okay. Its contents who? It tells you anything I didn't say was

descended from the superior and went down. You will say it is in what? For example, you

told me for example the trachea. I say yes, the trachea goes down here. And it

divides into what? It divides into two. Okay? Because I have the trachea which is

blue what goes down like this. It divides, it divides into these two dolphins in

the mesentery. Isn't it? So you find what? You find that they are the

main ones, meaning. Because after that it does what? Azar and several veins?

It tells me. And you will tell me who? You will tell me. And you will tell me one very important

who is who? Who is or I told you finally in

the middle and the shark in in so I have what was descended behind the heart

was descended into where? Descended into the mesentery. You will find that I have what?

That I have, as we said in and we didn't say it when I forgot, we said it in and certainly descending in in right? Okay. And you will tell me what?

You will tell me that I have two very important vessels we will talk about with God willing

called and with it there is actually their name, these are present in, present in

it. Okay? Alright. And of course then you find it. Because I have in it.

We use like what? This is, yes, nerves like this, this is the neck. I will then

God willing mention it. Okay? Present on the line on two sides.

Meaning what? Two, one right, one left. Okay? Alright. And what stuffing

then do you put in who? You put in it. Okay? And since we said to think of something

important which is what? Which is the thymus. This thymus was a saying of Muawiya.

You tell me what? Aren't you actually flying in the superior? He said no

look. This thymus actually came out from what? It came out from what? Like this. And from the left shape a little. It remained above the line. Meaning it remained

present in but it was originally present in the line. Meaning it was present

in this sana. So effectively it will be in we didn't say it. So it remains only in

who except in. Really? So again like this. Any contents say number one

the trachea. And it divides. And what? Or meaning. You will find I have.

And Hami Azigos. Okay? Alright. Present here and as I said I think what?

That I have in it which was its wall. Okay? You will see it. Yes, first thing

what are its boundaries? In front, behind, below the diaphragm. And on the sides like this like this like this like this

And above who? Above like this like this. Because actually this whole thing is what?

About contents or sections containing who? Contains the trachea and divides

into two. It must be for who? Hearing or that they are what? The main or

that they divide. Okay? And I have the thoracic part

yes. Okay. And you tell me that there is and as you say you remember who? You remember the thoracic

which was originally which opened what? The big opening. Okay? You will tell

me or you will tell me like and the hemi and you will tell me who? You will tell me which was what?

It was yes famous what? Famous meaning on the stories and the hemine one

a little. Understand? Okay. So I finished what is called, praise be to God, we understood

what? We understood it completely. Okay? We just need of course to memorize the contents and the contents, thank God, are easy.

Because we understand how I divided them. Those with the heart will be in the middle.

Those above the heart will be in the superior. Those behind the heart

will be in and with several. Right? And I mean I think that I have them present twice

present once in the superior, present once in the anterior also all the things

descending from top to bottom like for example like the diamond, like for example the trachea

all these things you will find them repeated also twice once in the superior

and once in the anterior sites according to what passes through them OP

even in front of the heart and behind the heart with the heart. So what is present in the era? Where is it present?

One or. Okay? This is like what? This is like the media completely.

Okay? Yes, up to here be class. Glory be to You, O Allah, and praise be to You. I bear witness that

there is no god but You. I ask Your forgiveness and repent to You. Goodbye.

Introduction and definition of the mediastinum and its boundaries

Division of the mediastinum into anterior, middle, and posterior parts

Boundaries of each part of the mediastinum

Contents of the mediastinum: the heart and blood vessels