The heart is a muscular pump that pumps blood through a large artery called the aorta and is located in a cavity called the mediastinum.

The heart is composed of four chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.

The atrium is called atrium and the ventricle is called ventricle, and there is a fibrous septum that divides the heart into the right and left sides.

I'm Dr. Abdulrahman Al-Sami. I will be with you, God willing.

Through the Milafira platform. We will talk about the anatomy of the cardiovascular system.

The first lecture in the cardiovascular system. We talk about the heart.

And we talk about the cavity in which the heart is located. What is the cavity?

Yes, the cavity in which the heart is located, what is it called? It is said to be the cavity.

Between the directions, the directions, the directions follow the aorta, which is the largest part in the body, follows the atria which it divides by what? It follows the directions which are the thymus position where the immunity is located in front of the heart.

So it sends them to be covered by organs or covered by structures, and this

cavity is called the mediastinum. It is divided into parts.

I will talk about it in more detail later, not just as a word, but it is

the cavity between the two endotheliums, but there is a lot of detail. I am just currently

telling you that it is the cavity in which the heart is located.

Okay, now I want to talk about the heart itself, so I drew a quick sketch

to help you understand what the heart is. You find the heart is considered a

muscular pump. It pumps blood.

It pumps blood through this very large artery. It goes to this area above the ribs,

below the ribs, and behind the ribs. And we call it or or or or or or or or

what should it be called? Okay? Alright. So the heart is made

of chambers. I think there was something called the right atrium

and the left atrium, right? And I also had something below called what? The right

ventricle and the left ventricle. Okay, listen to this: it says I have

the atrium, we call it atrium. What do we call it? Atrium. So you find I have here the right atrium on this side and the left atrium.

No. The ventricle below, which pumps, we call it what? The ventricle. And you will find of course I have

here what? I have here and here what? Okay? So I have in

a fibrous septum as you can see. The black node I named.

This is the fibrous septum. It divides the or the ribs

like this, meaning the chamber in the ribs. So I have what? The heart is divided

into right and left. Right and left. Yes. The atrium what? The atrium receives blood from the body through the superior vena cava.

The inferior vena cava.

The right atrium receives blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.

The blood in the right atrium is deoxygenated and is pumped to the right ventricle then to the pulmonary trunk which branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries.

The pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated, then the oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

The pulmonary veins are usually four veins carrying oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

The inferior vena cava.

Blood comes to the right atrium and goes down to the right ventricle.

Blood from the organ.

The blood is deoxygenated.

Not full of oxygen.

Therefore, I must send it first through the pulmonary artery.

Which we call

the pulmonary trunk.

Okay, why didn't you call it the pulmonary artery?

Because it is still dividing into

right and left pulmonary arteries.

Pulmonary means pulmonary.

Initially, it was called the pulmonary trunk part.

The part then divides into right and left pulmonary arteries.

Okay.

It goes through this pulmonary artery.

Meaning the pulmonary artery goes to the lungs to be filled with oxygen.

And it returns again with oxygenated blood.

Oxygenated blood.

To the left atrium of the heart.

Through the pulmonary

veins.

Pulmonary veins.

Okay, what does pulmonary veins mean? It means veins that are pulmonary.

And these large veins are usually how many? No, there are not two.

There are two from the left lung and two from the right lung.

So the total will be how many? It will be 4 pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.

Which then goes down to the left ventricle, and this left ventricle sends blood to the whole body through the aorta.

So this is a very quick overview of the heart. There are connections, of course, but I am just rushing to

give you the general idea.

Okay, alright.

So now I know the heart is made of four chambers. Now I want to say a fact.

Is the heart as you drew it present in the body?

The heart is not straight in the body; the right side of the heart is more visible from the front compared to the left side.

The anterior surface of the heart is called the anterior surface or sternocostal surface and faces the sternum and ribs.

The posterior surface of the heart is called the posterior surface or base and is mainly composed of the left atrium.

Do I have the right atrium on the right and the left atrium on the left just like that?

Not that simple. This is your story. I see that I do not see the division you drew for me. The letter here.

This is actually about four. I don't see this part at all. I only see

this small part. This atrium is two atria. I see

what? Not symmetrical, not clear at all. If I look from the front like this, I won't see

but I will see what? I will see something called the atria of the what? Of the

No. Okay, I see all this in front of us. Look here, meaning from here

all of it. So if I look from the front, I will see the right part of the heart,

the right ventricle and the right atrium more than the left part.

Because the heart is a bit tilted. So you learn? So you learn

you will find that the right part is more visible from the front.

And the left part is visible but to a lesser degree. Okay?

So you want to say that I can look at the heart from the front?

Can we look at it from behind? Or no, we can't. We can look at it from here or

no, we don't see anything.

You see all this on the right.

All this is

the right ventricle only.

And this is the left ventricle.

You see all this

is the right atrium.

And this small area

I will name it. This is the only part that participates in forming this surface.

So this surface we call the anterior surface or.

What is the anterior surface opposite to? Look at this second drawing you drew for me.

Okay? Just the drawing. I will add something and then we will go back.

I will complete. What I want to say is that I have here a bone called what? We call it the sternum which I use.

The heart appears facing it. Facing what? Facing the sternum too, right? Or facing the sternum? Okay? And facing what?

Not visible in the drawing. So I call this surface.

I can call it. I can call it. And here I will see the right part more and I will see the left part also but

to a lesser degree. We see more of the right part. We see the atrium

larger. Yes, what we see is only larger. We see what? We see the left part to a lesser degree.

So I want to take something. This

is considered to be made of two parts, so two parts: the right ventricle and the left

and the third is the left. Not equal halves. No. You will find that the right ventricle

takes up a larger area and takes two-thirds of the surface.

Which barely is what? The length of the surface. Not two-thirds. Because

the heart is not flat. The right side is more visible than the left side.

Okay? No. Okay. Is there another surface in the heart? I now

saw the surface I used, the anterior surface from the front. You will also find that

there is something called what?

Okay, this is what? Okay, what do you see? I personally

see it says exactly. This is what we call the exposed part only. You know it has four openings.

One, two, three, four. So it has four veins. So it has what?

Four. So this is definitely what? It is. So I have

talked about two surfaces of the heart: an anterior surface called

the anterior surface and a posterior surface called the posterior surface. Okay? Alright. Are there surfaces

and here also related to the bones?

What else? A lot. Look here at the drawing.

The inferior surface.

The inferior surface.

Which rests on the diaphragm.

So there are surfaces in the heart related to the diaphragm.

The surface means the idea.

What? Three surfaces: anterior surface which we named, posterior surface,

And here also it is emphasized as the most appropriate for the boys.

What a lot. Behavior and here you see the diagram.

The inferior surface.

. The inferior surface.

That rests on the diaphragm.

. Meaning it has a surface that passes through the storage.

. It will not cross the diaphragm.

The surface means. The soul idea.

Yes? Three surfaces. Anterior surface which we named. Posterior surface.

What we called and was made only only. And the inferior surface that we called

Yeah, we called it that. Okay. I want to say something else. What? I have

There is a groove called the coronary groove or atrioventricular groove that surrounds the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles.

There is an interventricular groove that separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle anteriorly, and there is another groove posteriorly called the posterior interventricular groove.

What I said is that inside there is or there are septa dividing it primarily

What? This is yes, behind where? Okay? So from outside also we specify and say with it

That this is the difference between this and that, it tells you here. Between and you will find

That there is, I mean, it is like a passage. I even went down, excuse me like that. Okay? Good. This

What do we call it? We call it normally.

ventricular sulcus or groove

Because it is between the atrium and ventricular groove

We also call it coronary groove

Because it is like a wrap

Around the heart, a wrap up to here

As if a crown around it, so we call it coronary groove

Okay?

That we can call it atrium ventricular groove

Or we can call it coronary groove

Okay?

Okay

Okay, is there a sulcus that separates between this right ventricle

And this left ventricle?

So yes

You see this sulcus where the blood vessels and water appendages are?

Yes, we call it, we call it interventricular groove

Or sulcus

I am very helpful but if someone comes to challenge me and says

I see there is also a groove between the two ventricles from behind

So I want to differentiate between them, I say this is the anterior

There is a groove from the front

And there is also a groove from the front

I told you that I have

An arterial entrance

An arterial entrance made of how many chambers?

Made of 4 chambers

What do we call 4 chambers?

They are the septa inside the heart

So this means you do not know how to differentiate between the heart walls from outside

From the atrium. It separates just the left from the left, which is

The one around the whole heart. So I called it or what? Or a little crown

What a little crown of dignity. Okay. So where is another groove that says yes where

Also a groove between from the front so I called it anterior interventricular

Groove. And there is also one we will see later, we will see it will be from behind also

Of them. So we call it posterior interventricular groove. Good talk? Okay.

Okay. You told me again yes I want to tell you also something else. What is it?

The heart is covered by a membrane called the pericardium consisting of two layers: a sticky layer on the heart and a strong outer fibrous layer, with a cavity between them containing fluid that allows easy movement of the heart.

That my heart is not a bare base like that. It has

A jacket on it. It has a jacket on it. Okay. This jacket we call it

I will call it a nice name or what name should I call it? He says I

Call it the one around the heart. The pericardium.

But there is even a feature. What? That it is made of two layers. An adherent layer on

The heart. And a layer a little far. And between them you will find that there is or contains a thin layer of

Or easy that allows smooth sliding steps at a rate so the heart can

Contract and relax, can move, inflate and deflate. Okay? So why

Is it divided? The inner layer we call it. We call it visceral. And the outer layer

We call it parietal layer

Parietal layer

Meaning inside

And he says no I will not let you enjoy like this and say things are easy

Like this easy I want to make it harder for you more

Okay how to make it harder for me?

But there is still a third layer from outside completely

But this is

Fibrous and strong like that

Is

So I will call this and I will call these two what? I will call them

The second one like this I have from outside a strong fibrous layer

And it consists of two layers, first an adherent layer on the heart named and an outer layer named

And between them this cavity, this cavity contains a thin layer of

Allows the two layers to slide on each other so the heart can move, contract, relax, inflate and deflate very easily

Hello okay

This is the topic of the pericardium and the heart

Okay I still have something called the borders of the heart but what? Let's read first

And I will go back, yes let's go back and take this talk okay

I will tell you that I have the lecture from the beginning yes finished

Talking to you about what? Talking about the mediastinum

Meaning the word mediastinum means the cavity that was between two hearts

That I will still talk about with details

Okay? Okay

So let's take the record from the beginning and say the details that we have

And then we return to talk about the mediastinum in detail

Okay

It tells you that it is a fibro-serous sac

The sac is fibrous from outside and serous from inside

It encloses the heart

And the beginnings of the great vessels that come out of it

Coming out of it. For example, here you will find that its beginning is surrounded.

Its beginning is surrounded. The four and their endings are also surrounded.

So I have it surrounding the heart and also surrounding the great vessels. Which are the

Large vessels attached to the heart. Not. Okay. So that

Prevents me from having any excessive movements or contractions or extra sounds

On the heart. Okay? Okay? Also inside there was a layer

That can help the heart slide well? So it works for me as a pericardial container

Meaning what? It arranges or helps them to coordinate what? To slide on each other

Then. Okay? I feel that what? I feel that the heart can contract and relax

In every way. We said they are resistant from two parts outside and. This is originally how much resistance from

Coordination. An outer layer named and an adherent layer on the heart named. And between them

A layer or a stopping layer we call this what? It is there okay?

It tells you that there is something called and

Or black serous, I will tell you this now but after I talk

The heart has a pyramidal shape and has an apex located on the left, inferior, and anterior side, which is the most prominent point of the heart where the heart sounds can be heard.

The heart is located inside the thoracic cavity called the mediastinum and is surrounded by large blood vessels.

About the heart, the heart is a muscular organ

Hollow inside because it contains blood inside, its shape is somewhat like

It is harmonic in shape, the word harmonic means it has

An apex and a base. Yes, we said the base is from behind

And made by the left atrium. So what about the apex? It tells you the apex of the heart

Is located here. This is the most protruding part. And if you want to reach it

If I want to reach it from outside. Meaning a cardiologist wants to

Put the stethoscope on it because it is actually the most protruding part outward.

intercostal spaces intercostal spaces

This is the fourth and last

And here it is located in the fifth rib space

In the fifth here

Or here or here

Or here

It tells you take its source

And pull it from the midline

Which is in inches or inches, meaning three and a half inches. Pull

Like this three and a half inches or about nine centimeters from where you will find it

Here in the fifth. So again like this. This is a safe piece of information, meaning what? You must be generally, look you must memorize it not generally meaning

To exit the heart, exit the kidney, forget your name and do not go down what is present

I ask you your name, yes you tell me I don't remember it was my father's name, Salmania

I don't remember. So I tell you, tell me where is it? You tell me it is located in

Nine centimeters in front. Between it and nine centimeters. Pull a line nine centimeters

From the nipples you will find it here. Okay? Sir. This is what?

So the base that we said is from behind. Which we called

And it was related to the posterior surface and was related to the left atrium

Therefore I said that the heart is pyramidal in shape, it is like a pyramid

So you will find it inside the mediastinum cavity

It is inside the pericardium which all together is in the mediastinum

It tells you that this mediastinum is containing the great vessels

And you will find that the heart is connected to the great vessels

Otherwise, the other parts may be free inside the pericardium

Okay, there is something called surfaces of the heart

Have you heard before about what is called surfaces of the heart?

Yes, you told me there are 4 surfaces

Or 3 surfaces

There was the anterior surface

Which we called sternocostal surface

Because it was opposite the sternum

And the ribs or the shields

And this was what? It was anterior

There was the posterior which we called the base

Which was made by the left atrium

And below it was on what? On the base, we called it. I mean I had

Which was made by the lift atrium.

And there was below it resting on whom? Resting on our jaw we called it. I mean I had.

What? I had three or four of them. Come on, let's talk, what? Let's talk

about each one of them as I was talking about during the lecture.

First thing, this one, what would we call it? We used to call this one the base

facing forward and what? Also facing what? Facing up. And you will find

the right part of it was more visible than the left, right? So it

is made of the right atrium and two-thirds right atrium but the component is barely what? There is a strip

there is a strip, roughly, barely what? The length of the surface only. Okay?

Sir. The right atrium and the right ventricle that you will find are separated by what?

Between them we call it what? We also called it what? Coronary

Yes. Okay. So are they also separated? Yes, separated by aaaa

We just have to add two words first: the word anterior. So we call it

it, we call it, okay? Okay. So this one, this one we used to call it, it was

made of the left atrium, yes, yes, the atrium and

it was made only of the ventricles, of course, part of it just to adjust the length

and what made for me the length, of course, and both of them made you have a separation

by what? By the posterior interventricular groove. But what about this? Isn't

it still said that they are separated by the anterior interventricular groove?

And he told you, where is this from? From below

which is the length from behind, meaning

but what reduced the surface was the one that had

anterior interventricular groove.

What about the right atrium?

He told me that it opens into what? It opens into

the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava.

So here is the surface that is from below.

So who opens into it from below?

The inferior vena cava.

Regarding the right atrium,

it also has a part of

the definitive surface,

although it is a small part, meaning.

What about the base of the heart?

Which is the base of the heart that we call the posterior surface.

And it was made only by the left atrium.

And I used to know that this left atrium

had inside it 4 pulmonary veins.

And it was made with a small part of the left atrium.

Have you heard before about

the apex of the heart?

It was a parameter, indeed.

It had a base and an apex.

Only. Okay. And it was looking at me like this. Like this, meaning where? Down? To the left

and forward. Right? So where is this apex? Forward. Okay. Where was its place?

You forget your name and don't forget it. That it is exactly where? Look

like this. Three and a half inches from the midline. Okay. What? Come on,

let's talk about the borders of the heart. And it is what? It is like a quarter or

a square shape. Two above, two below, from here and from here. Okay, I tell you what?

Because we still have left and still have also what? We still have, we were

barely understanding what we haven't talked about. So come on, let's talk

about them but in a detailed video so that why? To recall this information. And not

to come back and complete this in a detailed video. Up to here is the last part

of this video. Glory be to You, O Allah, and praise be to You. I bear witness that there is no god but You.

I ask Your forgiveness and repent to You. Goodbye.